How the ubiquity of eyewitness media changes the mediation and visibility of protests in the news

This chapter examines how eyewitness footage travels from the street, through verification procedures in newsrooms, or diffusion on social media until it reaches our screens, and whether its ubiquity, the fact it is now systematically collected, processed and authenticated by newsrooms, has changed the mediation and visibility of protests. It argues that eyewitness footage is polysemic and polyvalent, because it is easily stripped of the context of its original upload, to appear in different contexts, with different descriptions, advancing different interpretation of events and different political goals. Eyewitness media of protests complicates journalism’s task of providing a trusted record of the present

Explainable AI for Constraint-Based Expert Systems

The need to derive explanations from machine learning (ML)-based AI systems has been addressed in recent research due to the opaqueness of their processing.However, a significant amount of productive AI systems are not based on ML but are expert systems including strong opaqueness.A resulting lack of understanding causes massive inefficiencies in business processes that involve opaque expert systems. This work uses recent research interest in explainable AI (XAI) to generate knowledge for the design of explanations in constraint-based expert systems.Following the Design Science Research paradigm, we develop design requirements and design principles. Subsequently, we design an artifact and evaluate the artifact in two experiments. We observe the following phenomena. First, global explanations in a textual format were well-received. Second, abstract local explanations improved comprehensibility. Third, contrastive explanations successfully assisted in the resolution of contradictions. Finally, a local tree-based explanation was perceived as challenging to understand

R3D3 in the Wild: Using A Robot for Turn Management in Multi-Party Interaction with a Virtual Human

R3D3 is a combination of a virtual human with a non-speaking robot capable of head gestures and emotive gaze behaviour. We use the robot to implement various turn management functions for use in multi-party interaction with R3D3, and present the results of a field study investigating their effects on interactions with groups of children

Evaluating Sphingosine and its Analogues as Potential Alternatives for Aggressive Lymphoma Treatment

Ceramide (Cer) and sphingosine (Sph) interfere with critical cellular functions relevant for cancer progression and cell survival. While Cer has already been investigated as a potential drug target for lymphoma treatment, information about the potency of sphingosine is scarce. The aim of this study therefore was to evaluate Sph and its synthetic stereoisomer L-threo- sphingosine (Lt-Sph) as potential treatment options for aggressive lymphomas. Methods: Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cell lines were incubated with Sph and Lt-Sph and consequently analysed by flow cytometry (FACS), enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), liquid chromatography coupled to triple- quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), electron microscopy, and Western blot. Results: Sph induced cell death and blocked cell growth independently of S1P receptors in different DLBCL cell lines. Three different modes of Sph- mediated cell death were observed: Apoptosis, autophagy, and protein kinase C (PKC) inhibition. Generation of pro-apoptotic Cer accounted only for a minor portion of the apoptotic rate. Conclusion: Sph and its analogues could evolve as alternative treatment options for aggressive lymphomas via PKC inhibition, apoptosis, and autophagy. These physiological responses induced by different intracellular signalling cascades (phosphorylation of JNK, PARP cleavage, LC3-II accumulation) identify Sph and analogues as potent cell death inducing agents

Gegenüberstellung der Simulationsfunktionalitäten von Werkzeugen zur Geschäftsprozessmodellierung

Geschäftsprozesse beschreiben, über die Darstellung von Aktivitäten respektive Vorgängen, die Abläufe der Leistungserstellung in einer Unternehmung. Ziel bei der Planung ist es, die Prozesse so effizient und effektiv wie möglich zu gestalten, um mit möglichst wenig eingesetzten Ressourcen ein vordefiniertes Ziel zu erreichen. Effizienz und Effektivität der Prozesse sind dabei entscheidende Faktoren für die Wettbewerbsposition einer Unternehmung, da die realen Kosten der Leistungserstellung aus den Abläufen, die wiederum Ressourcen beanspruchen, resultieren. Um Geschäftsprozesse zu optimieren, können mathematisch - analytische Verfahren angewandt werden. Diese mathematischen Verfahren erlauben es, Geschäftsprozesse und -ketten als geschlossene Ausdrücke zu formulieren und optimal zu lösen. Die analytischen Verfahren scheitern allerdings, sobald die Geschäftsprozesse eine gewisse Komplexität aufweisen. Gemeint sind hochflexible Geschäftsprozesse, die sich dadurch auszeichnen, dass sie entweder nicht vollständig planbar sind, da prozessrelevante Bezugsgrößen unbekannt oder variabel sind, oder diese nicht losgelöst vom Anwendungskontext betrachtet werden können. Zusätzlich komplexitätssteigernd wirkt sich eine zeitliche Überlappung zwischen Planung und Ausführung des Prozesses aus. Um diese komplexen Geschäftsprozesse nachvollziehen und untersuchen zu können und somit einen Ansatz für die Optimierung zu schaffen, bietet sich hier eine Simulation dieser Prozesse an. Ein Simulationsmodell besteht aus einer möglichst realitätsnahen Nachbildung eines Ablaufs in einem Modell und dient der Entscheidungsunterstützung

Glycemic responses to strenuous training in male professional cyclists with type 1 diabetes: a prospective observational study

Introduction This prospective observational study sought to establish the glycemic, physiological and dietary demands of strenuous exercise training as part of a 9-day performance camp in a professional cycling team with type 1 diabetes (T1D).Research design and methods Sixteen male professional cyclists with T1D on multiple daily injections (age: 27±4 years; duration of T1D: 11±5 years; body mass index: 22±2 kg/m2; glycated hemoglobin: 7%±1% (50±6 mmol/mol); maximum rate of oxygen consumption: 73±4 mL/kg/min) performed road cycle sessions (50%–90% of the anaerobic threshold, duration 1–6 hours) over 9 consecutive days. Glycemic (Dexcom G6), nutrition and physiological data were collected throughout. Glycemic data were stratified into predefined glycemic ranges and mapped alongside exercise physiology and nutritional parameters, as well as split into daytime and night-time phases for comparative analysis. Data were assessed by means of analysis of variance and paired t-tests. A p value of ≤0.05 (two-tailed) was statistically significant.Results Higher levels of antecedent hypoglycemia in the nocturnal hours were associated with greater time spent in next-day hypoglycemia overall (p=0.003) and during exercise (p=0.019). Occurrence of nocturnal hypoglycemia was associated with over three times the risk of next-day hypoglycemia (p<0.001) and a twofold risk of low glucose during cycling (p<0.001). Moreover, there was trend for a greater amount of time spent in mild hypoglycemia during the night compared with daytime hours (p=0.080).Conclusion The higher prevalence of nocturnal hypoglycemia was associated with an increased risk of next-day hypoglycemia, which extended to cycle training sessions. These data highlight the potential need for additional prebed carbohydrates and/or insulin dose reduction strategies around exercise training in professional cyclists with T1D.Trial registration number DRKS00019923

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Characterization of genome-wide p53-binding sites upon stress response

The tumor suppressor p53 is a sequence-specific transcription factor, which regulates the expression of target genes involved in different stress responses. To understand p53's essential transcriptional functions, unbiased analysis of its DNA-binding repertoire is pivotal. In a genome-wide tiling ChIP-on-chip approach, we have identified and characterized 1546 binding sites of p53 upon Actinomycin D treatment. Among those binding sites were known as well as novel p53 target sites, which included regulatory regions of potentially novel transcripts. Using this collection of genome-wide binding sites, a new high-confidence algorithm was developed, p53scan, to identify the p53 consensus-binding motif. Strikingly, this motif was present in the majority of all bound sequences with 83% of all binding sites containing the motif. In the surrounding sequences of the binding sites, several motifs for potential regulatory cobinders were identified. Finally, we show that the majority of the genome-wide p53 target sites can also be bound by overexpressed p63 and p73 in vivo, suggesting that they can possibly play an important role at p53 binding sites. This emphasizes the possible interplay of p53 and its family members in the context of target gene binding. Our study greatly expands the known, experimentally validated p53 binding site repertoire and serves as a valuable knowledgebase for future research